REZUMAT NR. 1 AN 2010
1. Drept privat
DREPTURILE PERSONALITĂŢII: DREPTUL LA PROPRIA IMAGINE ÎN NOUL COD CIVIL
Prof. univ. dr. Ovidiu UNGUREANU
Lector univ. dr. Cornelia MUNTEANU
Facultatea de Drept din Sibiu Facultatea de Drept din Sibiu
Keywords: personality rights, new Civil Code, the right to one’s own image, notion, autonomy, authorization, limits, image agreement
Personality rights: the right to one’s own image within the new Civil Code
Summary
Every person has the right to not have her image reproduced or published without previous authorization. Just as the name, the person’s image is protected as an identity element of the person. The image is a
representation of the physical features of the person; it is both a form
and a substance, it is an external dimension of the human being. It
represents a privileged manifestation of the personality. The law
protects the person against any violations brought to the image by
means of the so called „right to image”.
The right to image is autonomous, namely it cannot be reduced to
another personality right. From this perspective, the right to image does
not overlap the right to respect of the person’s private life.
The portrayal of a person by means of a photo, movie, drawing,
internet network etc. requires the consent of that person; the consent
given to one person does not necessarily imply that it is given also to
others. In every case, the consent is presumed to be given for the
interception and the distribution of a correct image of the person and not
for a deformed representation.
The exercise of the right to one’s own image (as well as to one’s
voice) cannot be absolute. The public order and interest set restrictions
in what concerns the „right to veto” of the person to forbid the
interception and reproduction of her image.
The person’s right to image is lost at the moment of death. This is
so because the person’s image is nothing more than the shape of the
human body, following its fate; however there still remains the image of
the unanimated body which is protected in this quality.
UNA VISIÓN GENERAL SOBRE EL BENEFICIO DE LA DELACIÓN COMPENSADA EN EL SISTEMA LEGAL CHILENO
Maria Fernanda JUPPET EWING
Decano Universidad UNIACC, Chile
Magister en Derecho de la Empresa, Universidad del Desarrollo
Magister en Administración de empresas, Universidad de Valencia
Keywords: antitrust, leniency, poster, collusion
A general vision on the benefit of leniency in Chilean antitrust legislation
Summary
One of the main issues that have affected the studies and application
of antitrust law in the last years have being persecute and proof the
existence of multilateral conducts, figures that have acquired a particular
relevance in global international markets.
In this line of events, one of the proposed solutions to generate
enough evidence to persecute this illicit conducts have being the
introduction of leniency in the prosecutorial antitrust system.
Leniency agreements, are nowadays a frequent tool in the
investigation processes previous discovery in the US System, and it has
being incorporated in the European Union legislative system since 1999,
with some modifications.
In Latin America, since the first modifications to the antitrust prosecutorial
systems, of the earliest 2000, and it`s subsequent reforms, have introduced
the leniency agreements as an effective tool against collusion agreements.
This article, tries to give to the reader a general view about the recent
changes of the prosecutorial system in the Chilean antitrust laws, after
the incorporation of leniency as a tool to generate enough evidence to
dismember poster and collusive agreements.
Introducción
Una de las principales temáticas que ha influido en los estudios y en la aplicación del Derecho de la Libre Competencia durante los últimos años, está dada por la persecución y prueba de los ilícitos plurilaterales, los cuales han adquirido una particular relevancia en los mercados internacionales.
Nicolás OXMAN
Profesor de Derecho Penal
Universidad Autónoma de Chile
Magíster en Derecho Penal – Universidad de Talca
Keywords: Criminal law, liberty, security, risk society, child pornography, storage of child pornography material, legitimating punitive power, fundamental right to intimacy, Chilean legal system, Law Nº 19.927 from the 14th of January 2004
Criminal law and the storage of child pornography material-
Manifestation of the criminal law of the enemy?
Summary
The tension between liberty and security gives in the nowadays risk
society almost all the time precedent to the last one. We are taking
about a form of organization and of communicative interaction,
characterized by a series of factors that people consider to be
essentially negative, most of them related to the fear of technological
progress, allowing new realities that prove to be in some of the
developed countries, a threat to individual safety and to the social state.
In this new society model, the criminal law system appears to be
ineffective, having to deal with the generalized need of prevention in front of
the everyday more unimaginable and imperceptible danroms that bring new
and complex forms of criminality. The classic guaranties of criminal law are in
this society focused not as often on protecting the individual but more on its
punitive power, in order to protect the society from any future risks that may
affect someone’s interest, and that would legitimate various social actors to
demand participation in the process of creation and shaping of criminal law.
The actual role of criminal law in this society is the center theme of this
work and it is planned to be revealed by analyzing how certain deeds are
considered crimes not taking into consideration that this might affect the
human rights. The example proposed here is that of the crime of storing
child pornography material, ruled in paragraph 2 of art. 374 bis, Law Nº
19.927/2004 and how it might affect the fundamental right to intimacy.
It is important to make a correct identification of the „enemy”, to
whom the criminal law is meant to be applied and to do the necessary
changes in the criminal system, in order to respect the principles of a
democratic society governed by the rule of law.
Carmen ALONSO LEDESMA
Catedrática de Derecho Mercantil
Universidad Complutense
Keywords: The Second Company Law Directive 77/91/CEE, modifying proposals, legal capital, Directive 2006/68/CE, company law, fair value, North American model, Revised Model Business Corporations Act(RMBCA), stated capital, no par value shares, solvency test financial covenants, fraudulent conveyance, equitable subordination, legislation on Bankruptcy
Some thoughts over the function (usefulness) of the legal capital as a method for protecting creditors
Summary
The article presents the latest ideas and proposals expressed at the
European Union level that intend to achieve the modernization of
company law. It draws the attention that, currently, the legal capital used
as means of protection for creditors is passing through a period of crises
since there are opinions advocating for the abolition of the existent
system of legal capital, either by substituting it or by creating the
possibility for the member states to choose other alternatives. All these in
order to facilitate capital related measures of public limited companies,
enabling them to react, with regard to capital size and capital structure,
to developments in the markets more promptly and at less cost.
The proposal presented by the Commission in 2004 (COM(2004)
final) contains simplifications measures set out in the 1999
recommendations of the SLIM – the Simplification of the Legislation on
the Internal Market – Working Party and those of the „High Level Group
of Company Law Experts” in its 2002 report.
The present work intends to show the latest developments in the
existing debates over the legal capital and especially regarding its most
important function, that of protecting the company’s creditors, as well as
the opinions over some of the alternative solutions proposed by the
North American legal system.
LA MERCANTILIDAD DEL CONTRATO COMO PROBLEMA EN EL ORDENAMIENTO JURÍDICO ESPAÑOL
Luis María MIRANDA SERRANO
Catedrático de Derecho Mercantil
Universidad de Córdoba, España
Keywords: commercial contracts, contracts commercial character, commercial law, civil law, objective criteria, inclusion criteria, criteria of technical-legal analogy, commercial character mixed acts, law of obligations, law of contracts
The problem of the commercial character of the contract in the Spanish legal system
Summary
The article is thought to be a presentation of the problem regarding
the commercial character of the contract in the Spanish legal system. To
be more precise, it talks about the ways to distinguish civil contracts
from commercial ones, due to the fact that both civil and commercial
codes regulate over almost the same kind of contracts.
The article is divided in five sections, starting from a short exposition
concerning the commercial character of a contract.
Establishing rules that make it possible to distinguish between the
civil or commercial character of the contract is envisaged as a matter of
particular importance. The author makes a presentation of the juridical
opinions regarding this topic, belonging to the majority of the doctrine as
well as to the minority.
The opinion of to the majority of the doctrinaires stands in favor of
the idea that trading contracts have a commercial character, referring to
the provisions of the commercial code. The objective criteria is meant to
distinguish the commercial character of the contract taking into
consideration its nature, independently of the fact that the contractors
have the quality of traders or not. Among the presented criteria are the
inclusion criteria and the criteria of technical-legal analogy.
Other topics are: the commercial character of mixed acts, as well as
a suggestion de lege ferenda referring to the possibility of uniting the law
of obligations and the law of contracts, analyzing the possibilities and
limits, to be taken into consideration.
All in all, the presentation made over this issue makes it possible to
establish some criteria that should allow a more easy way to make the
distinction and identify the commercial contracts.
drd. Cristina TUDOR
Universitatea din Valladolid
Facultatea de Drept
Keywords: the Competition Law, anti-competitive conduct, civil action, compensation
The assement of prejudice in the private enforcement of the community law of competition
Summary
The private application of the Competition Law consists mainly of
civil actions for the granting of remedies with the purpose of reducing
the effects caused by an anti-competitive conduct. It must be stated that,
at a community level, the private enforcement of the Competition Law is
not fully developed and that the most alarming element in this regard is
the small number of actions for compensation consequent on an anticompetitive
conduct.
According to some specialists’ opinion, this underdevelopment
stage is due to an array of obstacles amongst which stands out the fact
that the assessment of prejudice caused by an anti-competitive conduct
is possible in an incertitude manner.
Naturally, the compensation covers both the real prejudice and the
profit loss. In order to demonstrate the real prejudice one does not have
to make an extra effort but that of proving the facts presented in the
failed complaint, whereas for the profit loss we encounter an additional
problem since this prejudice is not yet substantiated. The challenge
stands within the reality that this prejudice can not possibly be proven
with the same certainty as the real one. While the evaluation of the real
prejudice can be accurately achieved, the quantification of the profit loss
demands a probabilities exam which, in the best case scenario, can lead
to the highlighting of a quantity that is close to the real value of the
prejudice, but this real value shall never be reached.
Moreover, the problem of establishing the real value of the prejudice
was not solved. A special pattern that can be applied by every expert
and that can determine a value as close as possible to the real one is
yet to be discovered.
Lector univ. drd. Monica GHEORGHE
Universitatea „Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu
Facultatea de Drept „Simion Bărnuţiu”
Keywords: labour disputes, individual labor disputes, collective labor disputes, alternative resolution, judicial resolution, conciliation, mediation, arbitration
Regulation of labour disputes and their resolution within states which are not members of the european Union
Summary
The herein study is dedicated to the analysis of the labor legislation within a number of states which are not members of the European Union, with the aim of underlying the legislative solutions adopted in what regards the labor dispute resolution by legal or alternative means. We outline the fact that, within these states, both individual and collective labor disputes are legally regulated, the states share the negotiation and the reaching of compromise between the parties to the dispute, however the procedures used by each state in the attempt to settle labor disputes differ in what the details are concerned.
Prezentul demers are ca obiect analiza legislaţiei muncii în unele state care nu
sunt membre ale Uniunii Europene, cu scopul de a surprinde soluţiile legislative
adoptate pentru soluţionarea conflictelor de muncă, pe calea judiciară si prin mijloace
alternative. Evidenţiem faptul că, în aceste state, sunt consacrate legal conflictele
individuale si colective de muncă, statele împărtăsesc negocierea si ajunromea la un
consens între părţile conflictului, dar procedurile utilizate de către fiecare stat în
încercarea de soluţionare a conflictelor de muncă diferă sub aspectul detaliilor.
1. Israel
Relaţiile de muncă în Israel îsi găsesc reglementarea în Constituţie, legi,
acorduri colective si contracte individuale de muncă *). Aceste izvoare legale sunt
interpretate de Tribunalul Naţional de Muncă **), organism judiciar principal.
**) În 1969 Knesset (כנסת, „adunare”, în limba ebraică este Parlamentul unicameral al statului Israel si se află la Ierusalim) a adoptat Legea tribunalelor de muncă si astfel a fost format un sistem judiciar distinct dedicat problemelor colective si individuale de muncă. Aceste tribunale de muncă au jucat un rol important în dezvoltarea legii muncii si securităţii în Israel.
ASPECTE JURISPRUDENŢIALE PRIVIND CONDIŢIILE DECLANSĂRII PROCEDURII REORGANIZĂRII JUDICIARE *)
Asist. univ. dr. Andreea Corina TÂRSIA
Universitatea „Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu
Facultatea de Drept „Simion Bărnuţiu”
Keywords: judicial reorganization, insolvency, remediable insolvency
Aspects of the jurisprudence on the conditions and procedure of judicial reorganization
Summary
Judicial reorganization of the merchant debtor is a procedure of insolvency forced or collective execution, designed to redress the trader found in financial difficulty, in order to settle through payment commercial debts due before the opening of the procedure and which become due during the course of the reorganization plan. It is a measure of credit protection, but also a means by which the debtor, aware of his lack of liquidity, places himself at law`s disposal, through the bankruptcy judge, trying to revive his business based on an adequate plan. In order to apply the provisions of Law No. 85/2006, the court invested with the request for initiation of proceedings has to determine the cumulative fulfillment of certain admissibility conditions.
Pentru a cere cu succes declansarea procedurii de reorganizare judiciară
sau de lichidare patrimonială totală este necesară întrunirea cumulativă a unor
condiţii, a căror existenţă nu poate fi ignorată deoarece se află în conexiune cu
reguli economico-financiare si cu norme ale Codului de procedură civilă.
În prezent, condiţiile de admisibilitate a cererii, precum si ordinea de derulare
a procedurilor si de efectuare a operaţiunilor specifice fiecărei proceduri se află în
ambiguitatea generată de lipsa tehnicii de sistematizare a legii, de redundanţa
textului legal si de precaritatea structurii logice a normelor juridice.
Întrucât legiuitorul nu s-a preocupat de reglementarea ordonată a condiţiilor
de admisibilitate a cererii, nici a fazelor care trebuie parcurse, începând cu
deschiderea, continuând cu derularea si până la închiderea procedurii,
jurisprudenţa a înregistrat soluţii diferite.
CÂTEVA CONSIDERAŢII PRIVIND CONVENŢIA MATRIMONIALĂ
Cristina Ramona DUŢĂ
Judecător Judecătoria Constanţa
Keywords: matrimonial agreements, freedom of matrimonial agreements, principles, conditions of validity
Few considerations on the matrimonial agreement
Summary
The Matrimonial agreement, regulated by The New Civil Code of
Romania represents an agreement concluded before marriage, or during
marriage, which regulates the patrimonial relationships between spouses. In
this study, we examined the matrimonial agreement, starting with its
appearance and evolution, the reasons behind the establishment and
improvement of this institution in time, as well as the review of its main form
the ante-nuptial marriage contract which exists today in countries with a
different matrimonial history and culture.
In this study we incorporate the aspects related to the content and the
structure of the matrimonial agreements by examining the notion, origin,
principles and conditions of validity.
În condiţiile în care tendinţa, în majoritatea sistemelor de drept, este de a
institui reglementări flexibile în materia regimurilor matrimoniale, reglementarea
actuală, prevăzută în Codul familiei român se dovedeste a fi una rigidă,
constrângătoare, fără nici o alternativă.
După cum se exprima plastic un autor român, „legiuitorul trebuie să se ferească
a da soţilor reţete obligatorii, permiţându-le să intervină singuri, pe calea convenţiilor
matrimoniale, spre a-si rezolva cum cred de cuviinţă problemele matrimoniale,
evitând astfel neînţeleromi care ar putea pune în discuţie valabilitatea căsătoriei” *).
În esenţă, noul Cod civil propune revenirea la principiul libertăţii convenţiilor
matrimoniale, permiţând viitorilor soţi să aleagă între regimurile matrimoniale
reglementate, si anume între comunitatea legală, separaţia de bunuri sau
comunitatea convenţională (art. 312 alin. 1 al Legii nr. 287/2009).
După modelul Codului civil francez si al Codului civil al provinciei Quebec, care au
constituit principalele surse de inspiraţie la elaborarea noului Cod civil, se propune ...
ASPECTE TEORETICE SI PRACTICE PRIVIND CAUZA ACTULUI JURIDIC CIVIL
drd. Ioan MUNTEAN
Avocat, Baroul Sibiu
Mots-clés: acte juridique civil, cause, définition, règlementation, structure, caractère unitaire, conditions de valabilité, preuve, fonctions, utilité, domaine d’application
Aspects théoriques et pratiques concernant la cause de l’acte juridique
Résumé
La cause ou le but de l’acte juridique civil comprend cet élément qui
consiste dans l’objectif poursuit par les parties au moment de sa
conclusion. Celle-ci est une condition de fond, essentielle, de validité et
générale de l’acte juridique civil.
La théorie de la cause dans le droit civil roumain a un caractère
unitaire, sans faire la différence entre les actes à titre onéreux et les actes à
titre gratuit. Dans la structure de la cause de l’acte juridique civil il y a deux
éléments qui se trouvent dans une relation d’interdépendance: a) le but
immédiat (causa proxima), nommé aussi le but de l’obligation, suppose la
représentation du but direct et immédiat du consentement, et il est établit
pour les catégories principales des actes juridiques civiles; b) le but médiat
(causa remota), nommé aussi le but de l’acte juridique, il consiste dans le
motif déterminant de la conclusion de l’acte juridique. Ce motif suppsose
soit les traits d’une prestation, soit les qualités d’une personne et
représente la cause impulsive qui a provoqué la conclusion de l’acte
juridique. Le but médiat est caractérisé par le fait qu’il est concret, subjectif
et variable, d’une catégorie d’actes juridiques à une autre, et même dans le
cadre de la même catégorie, d’un acte juridique à un autre.
Pour être valable, la cause de l’acte juridique civil doit accomplir,
d’une manière cumulative, les conditions suivantes: a) exister; b) être
réelle; c) être licite et morale.
Nécessitant la présence obligatoire de la cause, le Code civil protège les
parties envers certaines obligations qui n’ont pas un but justificatif. Dans la
base de cette condition légale, la partie intéressée peut obtenir l’annulation
de l’obligation sans cause ou de celle basée sur une cause fausse.
En même temps, parce qu’elle impose le fait que l’obligation ou
l’acte juridique ait une cause licite et morale, la loi civile protège l’intérêt
public, qui impose que la liberté de volonté des parties au moment de la
conclusion de l’acte juridique ne soit pas utilisée avec un but contraire à
la loi ou aux règles de cohabitation sociale.
SIMULAŢIA ÎN CONVENŢIILE MATRIMONIALE
Lect. univ. drd. Adrian Alexandru BANCIU
Universitatea Crestină „Dimitrie Cantemir”
Facultatea de Drept, Cluj-Napoca
Keywords: simulation, fictivity, disguise, matrimonial convention, limits of simulation, inopposability, revocatory action, fraud of the third’s interests, action in simulation, proof of simulation
Simulation within matrimonial conventions
Summary
The study „Simulation within Matrimonial Conventions” approaches
the analysis of the well-known legal institution of simulation within the civil
law, but it does it within a new frame, that of patrimonial relationships
between spouses.
Along the investigation the author observes the characteristics of
simulation in the context of some special conventions, intuitu personae,
whose parties may be only the future wives or husbands.
In this context, the forms which can be taken by simulation are
reduced from three to two, namely: fictivity and disguise, as the third form
in common law – interposition of persons – is excluded implicitly in
matrimonial conventions, because of the intuitu personae character of
these conventions, in which only spouses can be parties, and not other
interposed persons.
The study also brings into debate the procedural devices of defense
regarding the rights and interests of other persons against the simulant
spouses in matrimonial conventions.
As a whole, the study proves to be an interesting and relevant
analysis on simulation in matrimonial conventions – a new institution in
our Civil Code.
1. Sediul materiei
Prevederile noului Cod civil în materie de simulaţie se reduc la un singur
articol – 331 – potrivit căruia „Actul secret prin care se alege un alt regim
matrimonial sau se modifică regimul matrimonial pentru care sunt îndeplinite
formalităţile de publicitate prevăzute de lege produce efecte numai între soţi si nu
poate fi opus terţilor de bună credinţă”.
Pentru înţeleromea specificului acestei instituţii în cadrul convenţiilor
matrimoniale va fi necesar să raportăm acest unic text – 331 – si la alte texte din ...
2. Drept judiciar privat
INTERVENŢIA TERŢILOR ÎN CONCEPŢIA NOULUI COD DE PROCEDURĂ CIVILĂ
Prof. univ. dr. Ioan LES
Universitatea „Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu
Facultatea de Drept „Simion Bărnuţiu”
Mots-clés: intervention volontaire, intervention forcée, la demande en garantie, l’introduction en cause du titulaire du droit, l’introduction en cause par le juge, procédure noncontencieuse
L’intervention des tiers dans la conception du nouveau Code de procedure civile
Résumé
L’étude de l’auteur examine l’intervention des tiers dans le procès civil
dans la concéption du nouveau Cod de procédure civile. Toute d’abord,
l’auteur souligne que le nouveaux Cod de procédure civile a emprunté
quelques règles de l’ancien Code de procédure civile, mais en même
temps a adopté des règles tout à fait nouvelles.
Dans la première partie de l’article, l’auteur a examiné les
changements apportés par le législateur dans le domaine de l’intervention
volontaire. Il a remarqué que le nouveau Code de procédure civile a
clarifié quelques problèmes controversés pendant l’application de l’actuel
Code de procédure civile.
La deuxième partie de l’article est consacrée à l’intervention forcée.
L’auteur nous présentes les principaux traits de l’intervention forcée, en
insistant sur l’utilité et sur le régime juridique de l’introduction en cause par
le juge, qui est une institution nouvelle dans le droit judiciaire privé roumain.
1. Consideraţii introductive
Noul Cod de procedură civilă, adoptat prin Legea nr. 143/2010, conţine două
categorii de reglementări, unele preluate din vechea noastră reglementare
procesuală si unele novatoare. Un atare mod de reglementare, mai cu seamă în
privinţa marilor codificări, ne apare ca fiind natural. În adevăr, ori cât am dori să
fim de moderni sau „novatori”, este greu să ignorăm trecutul nostru, nu doar cel
istoric, ci si cel juridic.
THE CONCEPT OF „PRESENCE” IN THE LAW *)
Professor James A. STRAZZELLA
Professor of Law and J. G. Schmidt Chair in Law
Temple University Law School, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, USA
Mots-clés: l`idée de présence, litige in absentia, témoins, affrontement des témoins, contre-interrogatoire, droits des défendeurs, droits fondamentaux, capacité d'ester en justice, présence significative, présence constructive, perte du droit de présence, présence numérique, témoignage enregistré en vidéo, témoignage en cas des mauvais traitement infligé à un enfant, téléprésence, présence transmise par moyens électroniques, questions émergentes, processus judiciaire Anglo-Americaine, procès penal Americain, Constitution des États-Unis, décisions de la Cour Suprême
Le concept de la „présence” dans la loi
Résumé
L’idée de presence est multivalente; on peut l’identifier en
métaphisique, en littérature et dans plusieurs domains. L’important est
que le régime de la „présence” en droit (particulièrement dans le droit
anglo-américain) ajoute une nouvelle dimension au concept. L’importance
cruciale que la „présence” implique, peut être remarquée en particulier en
relation avec les principes fondamentaux du processus pénal. En outre,
l’émergence des nouvelles technologies offre la possibilité de la
„présence électronique” et la prochaine réglementation contribuera au
réevalution du concept.
Le jugement in absentia, l’impossibilité d’interrorom les témoins et les
preuves enregistrées sur video sont autant des defis à la justification et à
l’importance du principe de la „presence”.
L’étude analyse brièvement les aspects de la „présence” dans le
système juridique anglo-américain et les motifs pour lesquels le concept
est considéré tant important. On analyse, aussi, les nuances émergentes
de la „présence” à l’époque contemporaine, où les technologies
électroniques offrent des nouvelles opportunités et perspectives, liées à la
„presence” numérique.
drd. George Eduard ROGHINĂ
Keywords: European Court of Human Rights, „the right to an examination of the case in a reasonable period of time”, the reasonability of the period, criteria
Considerations on the „right to an examination of the case in a reasonable period of time” regulated by Article 6 paragraph 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Summary
In the European Court of Human Rights, the determination of „the
right to an examination of the case in a reasonable period of time”
consists in the affirmation of the idea of justice. In fact, one of the
dimensions of justice is its efficacy and, thus, an utterly correct decision
given out of time (in both ways, too long or too short) will never satisfy
the necessity of both parts seeing their rights defined.
The idea of reasonable term is an idea that has been constantly
defined and that assumes different dimensions concerning the character
of a process. In civil matters, the period starts with the initiation of the
proceedings in court and such idea must be faced in general terms,
concerning mainly some preliminary administrative phases that are
imposed by the State legislation as mandatory in view of the
subsequently presentation of the cause.
The most important criteria to evaluate the reasonability of the
period are:
a) the process complexity, b) the behavior of national authorities, c)
the behavior of the applicant himself, d) what the applicant demands.
Important to mention is that only the delays that were due to the
responsible authorities can be imputed to the States and that is why
they are the only responsible for checking if article 6, paragraph 1, was
or was not violated, breached.
Also, concerning the judicial organization, States are sovereign and
the European Court of Human Rights does not impose any specific
model on them, as long as their politics, legislations and functional
board obey by the „principle of decisions in a reasonable term”.
INCIDENTE PROCESUALE CARE AFECTEAZĂ CERCETAREA ÎN FOND A ACŢIUNII CIVILE (I) *)
Drd. Alexandru SUCIU
Avocat, Baroul Sibiu
Mots-clés: exception de nullité, inadmissibilités, fine de non recevoir, exceptions de procédure, exceptions de fond, défenses de fond, délimitations, exceptions de droit matériel, le Nouveau Code de Procédure Civile, modalité d’invoquer, modalité de solution
Incidents procéduraux qui empêchent l’examen en fond de l’action civile (I)
Résumé
A part les exceptions de procédure et les exceptions de fond, il y a
d’autres institutions de droit processuel dont l’effet est l’empêchement
de l’examen en fond d’une action civile, ayant pour conséquence la
déviation du cours du litige de son chemin naturel. Ces incidents
procéduraux n’ont pas la nature juridique des „exceptions
processuelles” proprement dites mais, des certains points de vue, elles
leur ressemblent. La ressemblance peut résulter soit des effets qu’ils ont
sur le litige civil, soit d’une confusion sémantique, beaucoup d’eux étant
appelés „exceptions” (l’exception d’illégalité d’un acte, l’exception de
nullité, l’exception de non constitutionnalité etc.)
Autres systèmes de droit1 ont donné une réglementation distincte à
ces incidents. Ainsi, la procédure civile française prévoit l’institution de la
„fin de non recevoir” en tant qu’obstacles qui empêchent l’examen en fond
du procès civil. Dans le système de droit roumain tant les fins de non
recevoir que les inadmissibilités ont justement une consécration doctrinaire,
leur introduction dans la législation civile n’étant pas considérée opportune
par la majorité des spécialités du droit processuel civil.
L’arrêt de l’examen en fond du litige peur être temporaire ou
définitif, dépendant de l’incident invoqué devant l’instance. Les incidents
peuvent concerner l’acte d’introduire une instance (les inadmissibilités
ou les fins de non recevoir), un acte juridique utilisé dans le procès civil
(l’exception d’illégalité ou l’exception de nullité) ou même un texte légal
concernant le litige (l’exception de non constitutionnalité).
On va analyser à tour ces incidents procéduraux par rapport à
l’institution générale des exceptions processuelles.
PRINCIPALELE TITLURI EXECUTORII
Drd. Cornel TEREACĂ
Keywords: enforceable title, European Enforceable Title, Regulation No. 805/2004
The main enforceable titles
Abstract
The enforceable title represents the fundament of the forced execution.
No matter the field of law to which we refer, civil, criminal, banking,
commercial, transportation etc., the enforceable title is compulsory for any
procedure and form of forced execution. This is the reason for which this
study is aims at a brief analysis of the main enforceable titles.
The multitude of enforceable titles, provided and recognized by
different laws, reveals a special importance of these acts, procedural
documents that the legislator had in mind when elaborating the legislative
process. The examination of every of these titles is difficult within this
study. For this reason we will especially refer to the courts’ decisions,
arbitral decisions, the notary’s authentic papers, order tickets, bills of
exchange, checks and the leasing contract.
A special attention is given to the European Enforceable Title,
community legal document which up to this moment has had in our
country a limited application. The approach follows the Regulation No.
805/2004 and the European regulation in the field.
1. NOŢIUNE
În conformitate cu dispoziţiile art. 372 C. proc. civ., executarea silită se va
efectua numai în temeiul unei hotărâri judecătoresti ori al unui alt înscris care
constituie titlu executoriu.
Asadar, titlul executoriu este definit ca fiind înscrisul întocmit în conformitate
cu prescripţiile legii si în baza căruia creditorul poate solicita valorificarea creanţei
pe care acest înscris o constată *).
Asa cum este definit titlul executoriu în diferite lucrări de specialitate **), rezultă ...
**) Pentru o analiză amănunţită a se vedea: I. Les, Legislaţia executării silite. Comentarii si explicaţii, Editura C.H. Beck, Bucuresti, 2007, p. 41; S. Zilberstein, V. M. Ciobanu, Tratat de executare silită, Editura Lumina Lex, Bucuresti, 2001, p. 148; I. Deleanu, Tratat de procedură civilă, ediţia 2, Editura C.H. Beck, Bucuresti, 2007, vol. II, p. 534-535; G. Boroi, Drept procesual civil, note de curs, Editura Romfel, Bucuresti, 1993, vol. II, p. 210.
ARMONIZAREA PROCEDURILOR NOTARIALE CU REGLEMENTĂRILE EUROPENE
drd. Oana Roxana BEURAN
Notar public
Camera Notarilor Publici, Bucuresti
Keywords: notary public, notary activity
The harmonization of notary procedures with the European regulations
Summary
According to the provisions of Law no. 36/1995 concerning the
notaries public, the notary activity is represented by the notary
documents and legal aid. Also, the notary public is vested to fulfill a
service of public interest, having the status of an autonomous function.
From the material competency of the notary public, the
authentication procedure appears sometimes, in cases expressly
provided by law, as a conditions ad validitatem of the legal document
that follows to be concluded by the contracting parties.
For example, this thing is reflected in the real estate field, meaning
that in case of land alienation or alienation of a land also, the contract
has ad validitatem to have a testify, authentic form, another example
being the grant contract, which, regardless of its object, has to be
concluded under authentic form. Our country, represented by several
public and probationer notaries attended during period 2000-2006,
respectively 2001 in Germany, respectively France, to a program of
courses for perfecting the notary activity in Romania.
1. Definiţiile legale privind noţiunea de „notar public” si de „activitate notarială” Conform Legii nr. 36/1995 a notarilor publici si a activităţii notariale, astfel cum a fost modificată si completată ulterior, „Activitatea notarială asigură persoanelor fizice si juridice constatarea raporturilor juridice civile sau comerciale nelitigioase, precum si exerciţiul drepturilor si ocrotirea intereselor, în conformitate cu legea” (art. 1) si de asemenea „Se realizează de notarii publici prin acte notariale si consultaţii juridice notariale, în condiţiile prezentei legi” (art. 2).
3. Drept public
LA LIBÉRTÉ DE L’ESPACE FACE AUX INTÉRÊTS PRIVÉS ET PUBLICS
Frédéric PÉRON
Chercheur en droit,
Université Paris-Sud 11, France
Keywords: outer space, sovereignty, space dominance, policy, appropriation, peace
The spatial freedom in relation to the private and public interests
Summary
The space is an issue of power and fascination, Mastering space is controlling the information society. EU needs an extended space policy focuses on the application, to exploit space technologies in support of policies and objectives of the Union: faster economic growth, job creation and industrial competitiveness, enlargement and cohesion, sustainable development, security and defense. The stakes for the United States is to ensure the continuity of their doctrine of „space dominance” by combining civil and military activities. But in the middle of this interest battle, the Outer Space Treaty provides the basic framework on international space law, including the following principles: „outer space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means; & the Moon and other celestial bodies shall be used exclusively for peaceful purpose”.
1. La space dominance
L’espace est un enjeu de puissance et de fascination. Il a été un des enjeux
majeurs de la guerre froide Il est le terrain d’une compétition technologique entre
l’URSS et les Etats-Unis où chacun tente de démontrer sa supériorité.
Débutant en 1957 avec Spoutnik-1, le premier satellite artificiel de l’Histoire,
l’objectif devient rapidement orienté vers les vols habités et l’envoi d’un homme
sur la Lune. Les États-Unis ont bien compris l’enjeu de pouvoir lié à la maîtrise
de l’espace extra-atmosphérique. Ils ont ainsi fait évoluer leur doctrine extérieure
vers une volonté de maîtrise complète de l’espace („Space dominance”).
Conf. univ. dr. Carmen POPA
Universitatea „Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu
Facultatea de Drept „Simion Bărnuţiu”
Keywords: reasonable term of detention, reasonable term of procedures, fair court process, guarantee
The guarantee of the person’s right to liberty and security before the
national courts and the European Court of Human Rights, referring to
the reasonable term of the procedures
Summary
If during the criminal investigation, the preventive detention of the juvenile or adult defendants cannot exceed a certain period of time (180 days for the adults and 60 or 90 days for minors between 14-16 of age and those older than 16) the Romanian legislation does not refer to the reasonable term in the field of the first instance court, the national judge will only have to apply 5 paragraph 3 from the European convention. From this point of view, turning to the ECHR jurisprudence, of the criteria taken into consideration by the European Court on this particular subject is the real benefit of the practitioners. It is mandatory to be adopted as soon as possible of some regulations applicable to the reasonable term of the preventive detention and in judicial investigation phase, in order to align the national legislation to the requirements of the community law and for a better and operative management of the act of justice.
Dreptul la un proces echitabil, reglementat de art. 6 din Convenţia europeană a drepturilor omului *) constituie una dintre premisele asigurării preeminenţei dreptului într-o societate democratică **).
**) A se vedea C. Bîrsan, Convenţia europeană a drepturilor omului, Comentariu pe articole, vol. I, Drepturi si libertăţi, Editura All Beck, Bucuresti, 2005, p. 393.
Lector univ. dr. Laura-Maria CRĂCIUNEAN
Universitatea „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu
Facultatea de Drept „Simion Bărnuţiu”
Keywords: Council of Europe, European Union, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, article 9 of the ECHR, European Convention on Human Rights, freedom of religion, religious diversity, religious symbols, Muslim veil
Council of Europe, European Union and Romania, about Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion
Summary
This article’s aim is that of presenting in a comparative manner the way
these three subjects of international law see and regulate the issues
related to one of the most present right on the agenda, at least in the actual
context, namely freedom of thought, conscience and religion.
Being a right initially without frequent practical application in the ECHR
jurisprudence, art. 9 of the Convention is nowadays one of the most
disputed in the context of building the European society.
At the same time the European Union is taking a series of actions
regarding the anti-discriminatory policies and protects by means of
Directives this fundamental right.
Member of both Council of Europe and of the EU, lacking the
experience of protecting rights, in general, Romania has its own way of
seeing and dealing with it.
1. Preliminarii
Aflată sub puternica influenţă a modului în care Franţa a reglementat problema
purtării vălului musulman în scolile publice si a reacţiei pe care societatea civilă
franceză a avut-o faţă de aceste aspecte, problema libertăţii religioase în România
si, în special, a modului în care dimensiunea externă a acesteia poate fi
manifestată a primit o formă aparte în celebrele cauze împotriva icoanelor ortodoxe ...
Asist. univ. drd. Ana MOCANU-SUCIU
Universitatea „Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu
Facultatea de Drept „Simion Bărnuţiu”
Mots-clés: comportement illicite, la responsabilité morale, l'autorité publique, le pouvoir public, garantie, État, garantie, prudence
Conduite illicite de fonctionnaire public en fonction confiée aux
agents de acte illégal emploi à la responsabilité patrimoniale des
pouvoirs publics
Résumé
Commettre des actes illégaux constitue une source de responsabilité
juridique. Dans les relations impliquant la responsabilité pour les dommages
causés à des personnes est nécessaire de distinguer entre les infractions
commises par des agents en relation avec les fonctions confiées et tous les
faits et pas un tel lien. Dans la jurisprudence française le Conseil d'Etat a
adopté de nombreuses décisions qui ont été établis les critères
d'appréciation du lien entre la fonction et l'existence d'actes illégaux.
En mesure de consolider les droits fondamentaux et d'accroître la
sensibilisation de l'obligation de l'Etat à les respecter ces demandes ont
augmenté si maintenant l'autorité publique est exonéré de sa responsabilité
que si illégaux commis par le fonctionnaire aurait rien à voir avec la fonction.
a) Fapta ilicită
Temeiul răspunderii juridice îl constituie întotdeauna săvârsirea unei anumite fapte
rezultând dintr-o conduită neconformă cu legea sau ilicită a subiectului de drept. Faptul
juridic ilicit presupune o conduită sau o atitudine manifestă contrară regulilor de drept si
care a încălcat norma prescrisă perturbând desfăsurarea normală a relaţiilor sociale.
Sensul cel mai larg al noţiunii de „conduită” este acela de atitudine rezultată
din voinţa si constiinţa obiectivată a omului. Un fapt devine ilicit numai atunci
când conduita încalcă normele de drept, obiectul ilicitului juridic constituindu-l
tocmai această încălcare **).
**) I. Santai, Teoria generală a dreptului, Editura Risoprint, Cluj-Napoca, 2008 p. 159.
UNIUNEA EUROPEANĂ ÎN LUMINA MODIFICĂRILOR ADUSE DE TRATATUL DE LA LISABONA
Asist. univ. Laurenţiu SONERIU
Universitatea „Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu
Facultatea de Drept „Simion Bărnuţiu”
Keywords: Lisbon Treaty, European Union, reform, institution, decision making procedure
The European Union in light of the alterations brought to the Treaty of Lisbon
Summary
The Lisbon Treaty was signed on December 13, 2007 by the 27 EU
Member States. Its entry into force on January 1, 2009 has been
postponed until the Irish negative vote on December 1, 2009 when the
Treaty was ratified by all Member States.
With the entry into force of this Treaty, the EU has acquired legal
personality and assumed the powers of the European
Community. Therefore, Community law has become the European
Union law. Community law is the expression used when referring to the
period before the union right of entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon.
The European Union has changed. The number of Member States is
now four times higher. Only in the last five years, their number has
almost doubled. Europe is facing enormous challenges in this century,
including the economic crisis, climate changes, sustainable
development, energy security and international cross-border crimes.
The Lisbon Treaty contains, at least theoretically, such changes
aimed to raise the quality standard of the work of European institutions
by simplifying, streamlining and ensuring greater transparency in EU
decision making. Also these changes should lead to the elimination of
existing democratic deficit union among citizens about institutions and
decision-making procedure by those who till the entry into force of the
Treaty of Lisbon was very complex and overly bureaucratized poorly
understood by the ordinary citizen and not only.