REZUMAT NR. 2 AN 2009
1. Drept privat
Prof. univ. dr. Ion TURCU
Universitatea „Babes-Bolyai” Facultatea de Drept Cluj-Napoca
Lect. univ. dr. Traian LASZLO
Universitatea „Bogdan-Vodă” Facultatea de DreptCluj-Napoca
Keywords: payment instrument, cheque, guarantee cheque, cheque frauds, legal qualification
The correct use and the faulty use of the cheque as a payment instrument – The danromous game of the guarantee cheque
Summary
The cheque frauds by means of which certain naive tradesmen get
fooled while other inventive tradesmen get rich, use as an instrument the so
called guarantee cheques. In fact, these cheques do not offer guarantees,
and the tricks they pull with these instruments benefit of the “impunity
guarantee”.
The question that rises is, however – in our opinion, crucial for a correct
qualification of the guarantee check: what guarantee does this cheque have
to offer if it has no coverage? In such an instance, we find it obviously illusive
to speak about guarantee, because it lacks thoroughly. Our jurisprudence, as
well as the French one, is not unitary and in our case we can notice such
diversity that the conviction or discharge, become results of the hazard.
Cecul de „garanţie”, o controversă si o derută gravă De câţiva ani, fraudele cu cecuri prin care se păcălesc unii comercianţi naivi si îsi rotunjesc averea alţi comercianţi inventivi folosesc ca instrument asa-numitele cecuri de garanţie, cunoscute si în jurisprudenţa franceză, dar care, la noi, nu ...
DISCRIMINAREA ÎN RAPORTURILE DE MUNCĂ PRIN PRISMA DIRECTIVEI NR. 2000/78/CE
A CONSILIULUI
Conf. univ. dr. Marioara ŢICHINDELEAN
Facultatea de Drept „Simion Bărnuţiu”
Judecător – Tribunalul Sibiu
Keywords: equal treatment, discrimination, labor relationships
Discrimination within labor relationships according to Directive No. 2000/78/CE
Summary
The purpose of this Directive is to lay down a framework for combating
discrimination on the grounds of religious origin or beliefs, handicap, age
or sexual orientation in what concerns employment and the access to
employment, with a view to putting into effect in the Member States the
principle of equal treatment.
The principle of equal treatment represents in the community
legislator’s view, the absence of any direct or indirect discrimination based
on any of the mentioned reasons of religious origin or beliefs, handicap,
age or sexual orientation.
Within the internal law, the principle of equal treatment of all
employees and employers is regulated by Article 5 of the Labor code,
which also forbids discrimination of any kind. The concrete, detailed
regulation on the prevention and punishment of all forms of discrimination
within labor relationships is given by the Government Ordinance
No.137/2000.
The exercise of all the rights recognized and granted by law, without
discrimination concerns the persons that are in comparable situations.
Thus, Article 2 paragraph 3 of the national collective labor agreement
regulates the employers’ duty to ensure equal treatment and chances for
all employees regarding the access to employment and the granting of
individual rights, without discrimination. In addition to this, according to
Article 258 letter b of Labor code, the internal regulation also has to
provide rules concerning the principle of non-discrimination and for
combating any form of breaching the employees’ dignity.
DREPTUL SI PROVERBELE (III)
PRINCIPIILE PROCESUALE, INSTANŢELE DE JUDECATĂ, PROBELE
Prof. univ. dr. Călina JUGASTRU
Universitatea „Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu
Facultatea de Drept „Simion Bărnuţiu”
Mots-clés: droit, parémioloqué, litige, principes, instance judiciaire, preuve
Le droit et les adages (III) Les principes procesuels, les instances judiciaires, les preuves
Résumé
La troisième partie de l’étude analyse la relation droit-adages dans la
matière procédurale. Le procès civil et le procès pénal représentent le cadre
de mise en oeuvre des principes fondamentales (la légalité, le principe de la
vérité), de l’administration des preuves et de la décision judiciare.
L’impératif de respecter la loi, les binomes bien-mal, vérité-mensonge,
just-injust, trouvent leur expression dans l’espace des adages roumains. Le
trésor parémiologique roumain contient des refléctions sur la qualité du
jugement, la corruption des magistrats – dans certains cas, les erreurs
judiciaires, le rôle des preuves, le temoigne.
Dans la sagesse populaire, le juge est l’avocat de la vérité; il „n’a ni mère,
ni père, ni enfants” – ça signifie qu’il est impartiel. Il doit décider
conformément à la loi et sous l’empire de l’esprit éthique.
Procesul civil, procesul penal
Comportamentul uman generează premisa provocării sau, dimpotrivă, condiţia
evitării sancţiunii1. Conduita permisă răspunde exigenţelor ordinii de drept; conduita
interzisă generează fărădelegea. Acţiunile si inacţiunile săvârsite de subiectul
de drept dau conţinut noţiunilor de bine-rău, permis-nepermis, drept-nedrept,
just-injust. Categoriile amintite au relief juridic si, în egală măsură, filosofic, sociologic,
etic, politic. Cedarea dreptului individual era concepută, de pildă, de Thomas
Hobbes la confluenţa a trei legi naturale: respectarea convenţiilor încheiate, pacea
civilă si reciprocitatea. Iar imperativul respectării contractelor se întemeia pe ...
1 Doctrina de drept procesual civil a subliniat că sancţiunile au constituit o componentă deosebit de importantă în istoria dreptului, în cadrul tuturor sistemelor juridice. A se vedea, în acest sens, I. Les, Sancţiunile procedurale în materie civilă, ediţia a III-a, revizuită, Editura Hamangiu, Bucuresti, 2008, p. 1.
Lector univ. dr. Corina PETICĂ-ROMAN
Universitatea „Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu
Facultatea de Drept „Simion Bărnuţiu”
Keywords: individual applications, victim of violation, claiming, admissibilitycriteria, domestic remedies, six months period of time, inadmissible
Considerations on the admissibility conditions of the individual claims brought before the European Court of Human rights
Summary
The European Court deals with cases in which an individual has not
received adequate redress for violations in the courts in his or her country,
or has been unable to access the national justice system.
Any Member State or individual may lodge a complaint with the Court
alleging a breach of rights in the Convention by a Contracting State.
In order for the Court to consider your application, it must meet certain
criteria:
1. You must be a victim of a violation of one or more of the articles of
the Convention. This usually means you will be a direct victim of a
violation, although sometimes it is sufficient to show you are likely to be
affected by a violation or that you belong to a group of people which is
likely to be affected.
2. You must try all possible domestic remedies in your own country
before applying to the European Court of Human Rights.
3. Any application must be made within six months of the conclusion
of any court proceedings that you have taken in your own country that
could have provided you with a remedy or, if there were no proceedings
that it was reasonable to expect you to take, within six months of the event
which gives rise to your application.
In recent years, the European human rights protection system has
faced a number of challenges. This is not surprising given that it was
established in the 1950s and human rights standards have gained
considerably in importance since that time.
REFLECŢII PRIVIND DREPTUL MORAL DE RETRACTARE
Lector univ. dr. Adrian CIRCA
Universitatea „Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu
Facultatea de Drept „Simion Bărnuţiu”
Keywords: copyright, moral right of retract, principle of pacta sunt servanda
Reflections on one’s moral right of retracting their contractual obligations
Summary
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union protects
intellectual property. Fundamental liberties may be invoked as the
foundation of intellectual property rights, thereby justifying the recognized
exclusive rights (monopole) of the author or copyright holder.
Under these circumstances, the fundamental rights and liberties
stipulated in the Charter will be interpreted by the courts of the European
Union and of its member states. The aforementioned courts grant it their
attention and contribute to the preservation and development of these
fundamental values. The liberties in case are regarded as such since their
unrestricted practice is permitted, and they are considered public liberties
as it is the state institutions’ responsibility to ensure the conditions under
which they may be enforced.
The right to retract consecrates the juridical recognition of the author’s
ability to create, which can only be exercised by the author; unlike other
attributes, it ceases to exist upon the death of the author.
It is by means of this provision that the legislator has intended to take
into account the authors’ regret and remorse and has made it possible for
them to retract their contractual obligations. The very existence of this
provision stands as a source of uncertainty for juridical security. Hence, a
fair balance must be established between the holders of such rights and
the users of secured objects.
Lector univ. drd. Monica GHEORGHE
Facultatea de Drept „Simion Bărnuţiu” Facultatea de Drept din Sibiu
Lector univ. drd. Diana CRUMPĂNĂ
Universitatea „Lucian Blaga” Universitatea „Spiru Haret” din Râmnicu Vâlcea
Keywords: counter-claim, labor jurisdiction, pecunary action
Considerations on the admissibility of the counter-claim
Summary
At the present time, the pecuniary liability of employees may only be
engaged in accordance with the provisions of Article 269-275 of Labor code.
There is no lonrom possible to issue a decision of imputation in what the
employees are concerned.
The counter-claim is being used in the pecuniary actions on a regular
basis. By means of the counter-claim, the defendant pursues a legal
compensation between the plaintiff’s claims and his own.
The admissibility of the counter-claim within labor disputes is subject to
the same rules regarding any claim brought before a court of justice, as well
as the following conditions: the existence of a main claim before a court, to
embody all the elements of a writ of summons and to be connected to the
plaintiff’s claim.
Generally, the counter-claim is regulated by Article 119 Civil procedure
code, and is admissible within individual labor disputes and collective rights
disputes if it is connected to the main claim, the claims not being limited to
pecuniary rights only. In what the labor law is concerned, the connection
between the two claims results from the mutual source of the legal labor
relationship, namely the individual or collective labor agreement.
În studiul de faţă, ne propunem să analizăm posibilitatea formulării de cereri reconvenţionale în litigiile de muncă ce au ca obiect antrenarea răspunderii patrimoniale a salariatului pentru prejudiciul produs, din vina sa, angajatorului.
DISCUŢII CU PRIVIRE LA NATURA JURIDICĂ SI FORMELE PROCEDURALE DE ÎNTOCMIRE A ACTELOR DE STARE CIVILĂ
Cristina-Mihaela LUPU
Universitatea „Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu
Keywords: civil registration records, civil registry officer, public administration authority, technical-material operation, legal nature, birth, death or marriage as legal acts, administrative documents, process of drawing up of the civil registry records
Discussions concerning the legal nature as well as the registration procedures of civil records
Summary
The organization of civil registration records is in charge of the state.
Regardless of their legal nature, civil registration is performed, in keeping
with current regulations, only by state-run institutions and only in civil
formal and official civil registration records.
Thus, we have selected for the analysis set forth in the present paper
the specific procedures of performing these responsibilities as well as their
nature.
In keeping with the Methodology no. 1/13.10.1997 for the standard
application of the stipulations of Act no. 119/1996 regarding civil
registration records, the performance of civil registration responsibilities
belongs to the registrars affiliated with the town halls in municipality or its
administrative-territorial units, in towns and villages, whereas in county
districts and Bucharest, this responsibility belongs to the persons
especially appointed from the specialized departments of county councils
and, respectively, the Bucharest Town Hall, as well as the Heads of the
Diplomatic and Consular Missions of Romania, ship and airship
commanders outside the national territory and the army registrars,
appointed by a Decision of the Ministry of Defense, abiding by the
stipulations of the law.
The debate on the legal nature of the civil registry document has
stemmed from the fact that the civil registry document is drawn up by a
civil officer, a representative of local administration authority, and these
public administration authorities are entitled to issue, in their current
activity, administrative documents endowed with public authority.
Lector univ. Alin-Gheorghe GAVRILESCU
Facultatea de Stiinţe Juridice
Universitatea „Constantin Brâncusi” din Tg.-Jiu
Mots-clés: responsabilité civile, fait illicite, mineur, obligations des parents, conditions spéciales, aspects théoriques, pratique judiciaire
Aspects théoriques et de pratique judiciaire concernant la responsabilité civile des parents pour les faits illicites et préjudiciables des enfants qui habitent avec eux, dans le droit roumain et dans le droit français
Résumé
La responsabilité des parents pour le fait illicite et préjudiciable de l’enfant qui habite avec eux s’inscrit dans la conception classique de la responsabilité pour le fait d’autrui. Cette responsabilité trouve son fondement dans l’inaccomplissement des obligations qui reviennent aux parents concernant la personne de leur enfant mineur. La responsabilité des parents est subordonnée à deux séries de conditions, pouvant l’engarom si, avec les conditions générales de la responsabilité civile délictuelle – l’existence du préjudice, du fait illicite du mineur et du rapport de causalité entre le fait et le préjudice il y a deux conditions spéciales qui sont accomplies: la condition de la minorité de l’enfant qui est l’auteur du fait provoquant des préjudices et la condition de sa communauté d’habitation avec ses parents. La responsabilité intervient à l’intérêt de la victime pour assurer son dédommagement pour le dommage qui lui a été produit.
1. Noţiuni introductive
1.1. Reglementare legală
Răspunderea părinţilor pentru prejudiciile cauzate de copiii lor minori este o
răspundere civilă delictuală, indirectă, respectiv pentru fapta altei persoane, fiind
reglementată de dispoziţiile art. 1000 alin. 2 C. civ. care stabilesc că „tatăl si ...
drd. Ioan PUIE
Keywords: legality, equality, solidarity, contribution, property companies
Considerations regarding the possibility of spouses to use their property as a contribution to the common joint property companies
Summary
The present study is devoted to analysis conditions in which the
spouses may enter together or each one, they can bring their contribution to
the formation or increasing the capital of companies, common property in
joint property, by legal acts of administration or provision. The study
presents practical utility, because the doctrine and jurisprudence in this
domain, starting from a false premise, that the legal rules of commercial law
are special rules in relation to the family law, have priority in applying. Also,
without making convincing legal arguments, it is argued that the contribution
made by one spouse does not meet the requirement to be fully
individualized. Therefor, according to this thesis, a spouse can make joint
property as common property contribution only if the other spouse has
obtained the express agreement or if the other spouse has obtained the
division of common goods so bringing contribution with their own goods.
Using legal logic arguments and some text arguments we
demonstrated that the legal norms belonging to the two branches of law
have a special character in relation to civil law. Consequently, in case of
specific legal relationships, according to their specificity, may be incidents
only the rules of commercial law or only the rules of family law, or both.
However, in both situations, to cover some lacking situations, the common
law rules will be appealed, those under the civil code.
To this situation, I concluded that according to regulations of family
code and Law 31/1990, regarding the companies, any spouse, alone or
together with other can bring common property in joint property. In fact,
according to article 35, paragraph 2, from family code, the express
agreement of both spouses is necessary only in case in which the
contribution is made through legal acts of alienation which have as object
land or buildings, common property in joint property.
We state that in future regulatory, article 347 of the new civil code,
called contribution of common property confirms the thesis supported by
us throughout this study.
2. DREPT JUDICIAR PRIVAT
Prof. univ. Dr.h.c. Ioan LES
Universitatea „Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu
Facultatea de Drept „Simion Bărnuţiu”
Keywords: competition law, Competition Council, National Council for Solving Contestations, State allowances, public acquisitions, competence, procedural quality, action for damages
Competence and active procedural legitimacy within litigations on violation of competition norms
Summary
In the herein study the author analyses in detail certain procedural
institutions less studied in the field of the competition law. The first part of
the article deals with litigations on the violation of competition norms. The
author presents the competences of investigation and implementation of
contravention sanctions by the Competition Council and the National
Council for Solving Contestations, referring also to the legal nature of these
bodies of control. In addition to this, he rests upon the modalities of
investiture of these bodies of control.
A particular research is done in what concerns the competence of the
courts of justice, the author showing the existence of a diversity of
solutions with respect to the procedural means of exercising the judicial
control and the procedures of attack that can be brought against the
solutions of the courts of first instance.
The author thoroughly investigates, invoking also solutions from the
comparative law, the active procedural quality on the matter subject to
analysis. He pleads for an increase of the role of the Public Ministry and of
the People’s Advocate within the litigations on the free competition and the
protection of customers’ rights. Moreover, the author supports the thesis
according to which, in what concerns the litigations on damages, the
procedural legitimacy must also be recognized in favour of any natural or
legal person that can justify a personal interest, including the associations
of customers.
Lector univ. dr. Sebastian SPINEI
Universitatea „Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu
Facultatea de Drept „Simion Bărnuţiu”
Keywords: Romanian civil procedure, „disponibility”, withdrawal of the claim, settlement of the dispute, desistance acts, recourse
Solutions issued by the court of recourse regarding the parties’ withdrawal of a civil action
Summary
The principle of „disponibility”, among others, governs the Romanian civil
procedure. It signifies that parties have the power to conduct proceedings – to
initiate the trial, to determine its scope, to withdraw the claim or settle the
dispute.
The withdrawal of the claim and the settlement of the dispute, also known
as desistance acts, present some particularities in the phase of the recourse.
These particularities are analyzed in the following study.
I. Renunţarea la judecată
Potrivit art. 246 C. proc. civ. reclamantul poate să pună capăt procesului
renunţând la judecată oricând în cursul judecăţii, deci inclusiv în recurs1.
Cum un asemenea act de dispoziţie nu va putea fi primit însă de instanţă după
dezbaterea fondului decât cu învoirea celeilalte părţi, rezultă că acordul pârâtului
este necesar pentru ca renunţarea să poată produce efecte în recurs2.
Dacă reclamantul a câstigat în faţa instanţei (sau instanţelor) de fond, recurent
poate fi doar pârâtul. În recursul acestuia, desi puţin probabilă în practică3, este
teoretic posibilă o renunţare la judecată (la acţiune) din partea reclamantului intimat,
renunţare faţă de care pârâtul nu ar avea, în principiu, interes să se opună.
1 C.S.J., s. cont. adm., dec. nr. 169/2000, apud I. Les, Codul de procedură civilă.
Comentariu pe articole, Editura C.H. Beck, Bucuresti, 2007, p. 631.
2 În acelasi sens, C.Ap. Bucuresti, s. a IV-a civ., dec. nr. 1867/1998, ibid.
3 Cu excepţia litigiilor de familie, unde interesele judiciare sunt mai frecvent de natură
personală decât de natură patrimonială.
CONCEPTUL CONTEMPORAN AL JUSTIŢIEI APLICABIL SISTEMULUI JUDICIAR INTERN
Lector univ. dr. Adrian STOICA
Facultatea de Drept si Stiinţe Administrative „Ovidius”, Constanţa
Mots-clés: ordre juridique, système judiciaire interne, concept, autorités, globalisation et européanisation
Le concept contemporain de la justice applicable au système judiciaire interne
Résumé
La vie sociale et l’ordre juridique comporte un intêret individuel et social.
Dans le contenu de celle-ci comunication, on a fait au debut une courte
présentation concernant l’évolution dans l’ordre juridique de la notion de
justice et on a formulé la conclusion que, dans le contexte actuel, ou la
globalisation et l’européanisation jouent un rôle essentiel dans cette ordre,
les droits et les libertés fondamentales de l’individu représentent la mission la
plus importante d’une société moderne.
Dans la deuxième partie, on a fait une courte présentation concernant
toutes les autorités impliquées dans le service publique de la justice et aussi
de ses partenaires pour évidentier l’independence et l’impartialité actuelle du
système judiciaire roumain.
Voir aussi toutes les réformes imposées dans ce moment, on pose la
question, elles peuvent conduire à une indépendence réelle du système
juridique interne?
1. Evoluţia conceptului de justiţie
Viaţa socială si ordinea juridică a unui Stat fac din acesta o personificare a
colectivităţii, o lume a acţiunilor. Statul, în concepţie juridică, reprezintă realitatea
indubitabilă, naturală si istorică a poporului care-l compune, dominat de puterile
stabilite în acel teritoriu determinat.
Cum ar trăi si evolua populaţia unei ţări fără o structură statală si fără justiţie?
Bineînţeles, că ar exista o anarhie vesnică în care tipuri de justiţie privată si-ar face
apariţia, iar din punct de vedere individual, cel mai puternic va supravieţui.
De aceea, de-a lungul vremii omul a ajuns la convinromea profundă că există
un interes individual si un altul social, că nu poate trăi fără acestea si nici acestea ...
Dr. Paraschiva BELULESCU
Judecător Curtea de Apel Craiova
Keywords: jurisdiction, Member State, usual residence, scope
Short considerations on competence of jurisdiction within the European Union on the matrimonial matter and on that of the parental liability stipulated by Regulation (EC) No. 2201/2003 Summary Regulation (EC) no. 2201/2001 sets out rules on jurisdiction with the courts of the European Union Member States in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility. In matrimonial matters, the set rules of jurisdictions have an alternate character, two basic criteria being used in governing such, i.e. the criterion of habitual residence and the criterion of citizenship. In matters of parental responsibility, the rule incorporates jurisdiction with the courts of the Member State in whose territory the child is habitually resident at the time the court is seized. Some exceptions are provided to this rule, though failing to disregard child’s best interests.
Adoptarea Regulamentului (CE) nr. 2201 din 27 noiembrie 20031 privind competenţa, recunoasterea si executarea hotărârilor judecătoresti în materie matrimonială si în materia răspunderii părintesti, de abrogare a Regulamentului (CE) nr. 1347/20002, s-a înscris pe linia perfecţionării reglementărilor existente la nivelul Uniunii Europene în domeniul cooperării judiciare în materie civilă.
1 Publicat în JOUE nr. L 367/14.12.2004.
2 Regulamentul nr. 1347/2000, publicat în JOUE nr. L 160/2000, stabilea normele privind
competenţa, recunoasterea si executarea hotărârilor judecătoresti în materie matrimonială si
în materia răspunderii părintesti faţă de copiii comuni, pronunţate cu ocazia acţiunilor matrimoniale.
Bogdan DUMITRACHE
Formator la Institutul Naţional al Magistraturii
Executor judecătoresc – Camera Executorilor Judecătoresti
de pe lângă Curtea de Apel Bucuresti
Keywords: Civil procedural code, Project, forced execution, writ of execution, objection to an executor, executor’s conclusions, the debtor’s goods, access of executor, approval of execution, distraint upon mobile goods, forced taken over of the immovable goods.
Considerations on certain provisions in the field of forced execution embodied in the Project of the New Civil procedural code
Summary
The alteration brought to the Civil procedural code on the matter of the
forced execution, by means of the project published on the site of the
Ministry of Justice represent a bone of contention; the public was invited to
elaborate proposals of improvement of the project before April 25th 2008.
The herein paper analyses the Project of the New Civil procedural code,
having as a starting point important solutions that break new ground in
comparison to the current regulation embodied in the Civil procedural code
in the field of forced execution. The author does not aim at unconditionally
praising the authors of the Project, finding room, when necessary, for
criticism often synonymous with the reproach to “half measures” or to
disaccord between the proposed texts or between them and other texts of
the Code or even with reality.
New solutions are seen both within the “general part”, namely within
those provisions with respect to the forced execution as a whole,
independent of the form of forced execution, and within the special part, that
is the one regarding a certain form of forced execution.
1. Precizări prealabile Articolul de faţă nu are pretenţia de a acoperi toate modificările aduse Codului de procedură civilă, în materia executării silite, prin proiectul publicat pe site-ul ...
3. Drept public
REPERE FUNDAMENTALE ALE POLITICII REGIONALE A UNIUNII EUROPENE
Conf. univ. dr. Daiana Maura VESMAS
Universitatea „Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu
Facultatea de Drept „Simion Bărnuţiu”
Keywords: regional policy, structural fonds, region, regionalization, territorial development, territorial coesion
Fundamental marks of the regional policy of the european union
Summary
The role of the regions has increased in the process of the
development of Europe.The under-national level has strenghtened and
gradually a Europe of the regions has been born based on a dynamic
regional European policy. The regional policy of the European Union
represents an intervention meant to diminuish the discrepancies between
the economical and social development levels of the different regions in
Europe. Its main role is that of mobilization of the unused ressources from
different regions, the attraction of funding from other regions and, at the
end, the increasing of production and incomes.
A fundamental notion of te regional policy is te territorial development,
representing the statal intervention in the spontanous processes of te
regional development, which has to be understood as a totality of
measures, means and institutions with the role of reforming the territorial
and administrative structure of each European country.
Introducere
Comunităţile Europene au reprezentat pe plan european si internaţional o
construcţie inedită si originală diferită de orice organizaţie internaţională, caracterizându-
se printr-o structură instituţională si juridică sui-generis. Uniunea Europeană
nu este un stat federal si nici o simplă formă de cooperare între guverne.
Statele membre rămân state suverane, independente, dar în acelasi timp ele
renunţă la o parte din această suveranitate pentru a câstiga o putere si o influenţă
mondială pe care în mod independent nu ar putea să le aibă.
ÎNŢELESUL NOŢIUNII DE „BUN” ÎN JURISPRUDENŢA CEDO
Conf. univ. dr. Carmen POPA
Universitatea „Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu
Facultatea de Drept „Simion Bărnuţiu”
The meaning of the notion of „goods” within the ECHR Jurisprudence
Summary
We are witnessing today, more than ever, a reassessment of the role and importance of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in the national law systems. Likewise, the interest of the law practitioners to apply the Convention within the internal law has risen significantly. Therefore a major desideratum has been reached, that of finding suitable, compatible solutions between the norms of the Convention and the Romanian law system, like the one of protecting the right to property in a community system.
Sistemul european de protecţie a drepturilor omului este alcătuit, după cum
bine se cunoaste, din Convenţia pentru apărarea drepturilor omului si a libertăţilor
fundamentale (Convenţia) si Protocoalele care o însoţesc. Dintre acestea, prin
Protocolul adiţional – denumit în mod curent Protocolul nr. 1 si prin Protocoalele
nr. 4, 6, 7 si 12, au fost reglementate noi drepturi si libertăţi alături de cele iniţial
cuprinse în Convenţie.
În ce priveste protecţia dreptului de proprietate în sistemul european,
Convenţia europeană a drepturilor si libertăţilor fundamentale nu a prevăzut iniţial
protecţia dreptului de proprietate, din cauza rezervelor unor state ca Elveţia,
Spania, Liechtenstein. Abia la 29 martie 1952 a fost semnat la Paris Protocolul
adiţional nr. 1, care a intrat în vigoare în anul 1954, si care, în primul său articol,
reglementează protecţia dreptului de proprietate în sistemul internaţional, regional
si european de protecţie a drepturilor omului1.
1 C. Bîrsan, Protecţia dreptului de proprietate în sistemul european de protecţie a drepturilor omului, cu privire specială asupra restituirii unor bunuri, în PR nr. 2/2003, p. 12; C. Bîrsan, Limitările dreptului de proprietate reglementate de CEDO, în PR nr. 3/2003, p. 165-196; C. L. Popescu, Hotărârile CEDO pronunţate în cauzele împotriva României (1998-2002), Editura All Beck, Bucuresti, 2003, p. 6, 82, 95, 145, 171. Din 35 de cauze prezentate de autor în 26 dintre ele s-a constatat violarea art. 1 din Protocolul nr. 1, statul român fiind obligat la despăgubiri în favoarea reclamanţilor. A se vedea si V. Berrom, Jurisprudenţa CEDO, Institutul Român pentru Drepturile Omului, Bucuresti, 1998, p. 376, 1296, 1348, 1354, 1391; M. Voicu, Protecţia Europeană a Drepturilor Omului. Teorie si jurisprudenţă, Editura Lumina Lex, Bucuresti, 2001, p. 286-437; CEDO, Cameră, Hotărârea din 8 noiembrie 2005, Saliba c/ Malta, Hotărârea din 15 noiembrie 2005, J.A. Pye (Oxford) Ltd. c/ Regatul Unit, citate în CJ nr. 1/2006, p. 44-46.
SANCŢIUNEA CONTRAVENŢIONALĂ – SINGURA SANCŢIUNE ADMINISTRATIVĂ?
Conf. univ. dr. Elena Mihaela FODOR
Universitatea Crestină „Dimitrie Cantemir” Bucuresti
Facultatea de Drept Cluj-Napoca
Keywords: contravention, sanctioning system, contraventional sanction, regime of contraventions
The contraventional sanction – the only administrative sanction?
Summary
A brief look into the sanctioning system shows that administrative
sanctions take their place besides the civil and criminal sanctions. If the
criminal sanctions are mainly of a punitive nature and civil ones have a
preponderant reparatory nature, administrative sanctions should include
both preventive and reparatory measures besides the punitive sanctions. In
the Romanian law, a particular administrative sanction is the contraventional
sanction. The contravention is an infringement of the law committed in such
circumstances that the social danrom is lower than in case of a criminal
deed. The article points out that lately there is an unhealthy tendency of
transforming the contraventional sanction into the only administrative
sanction. To prove this, Law No. 504/2002 of the audiovisual is examined.
Although all the infringements of this law’s provisions are proclaimed of
being contraventions, it is clear that the general regime of contraventions
established by Government Ordinance No. 2/2001 does not apply neither to
the emission of the sanctioning administrative act nor to the procedure of
contesting the sanction, leading to some confusion in applying this law. It is
also pointed out that due to the fact that some infringements of the fiscal
regulations are also defined as contraventions, often for the same
infringement of a fiscal obligation, two administrative sanctioning acts are
emitted to the same person: one applying the contraventional sanction (a
fee) and another containing the obligation to pay the fiscal obligation to
which a surcharge is added. If the infringement is to be contested, both acts
have to be contested, but in front of different courts due to their different
nature. This often leads to different judgements over the existence of the
same infringement. The article concludes that a broadening of the
administrative sanctions is necessary at the same time with narrowing the
aria of infringements defined as contraventions.
Asist. univ. drd. Ana MOCANU SUCIU
Facultatea de Drept „Simion Bărnuţiu” Sibiu,
Judecător – Tribunalul Sibiu
Mots-clés: contrôle d’administration publique, contentieux administratif indirect, acte réglementaire, droits fondamentaux, moyens de défendre de droits subjectifs, dommage
Considérations sur le spécifique du préjudice dans l’action directe en contencieux administratif ayant comme objet un acte administratif normatif
Résumé
L’Etat de droit est une notion essentielle de l’organisation étatique; il
est une notion politique et juridique qui a pris ampleur de l’analyse par des
générations de juristes, il s’est vu propulsé sur la place publique. A la fin
du XXe siècle, il se trouve au coeur des débats philosophiques et
politiques concernant le statut et le rôle de l’Etat.
L’un des traits caractéristiques du développement de l’Etat moderne
est l’importance toujours croissante des activités de l’administration
publique. Depuis le début de ce siècle, outre sa mission traditionnelle
d’assurer le respect de la loi et de l’ordre public, la puissance publique
s’est de plus en plus engagée dans une multiplicité d’actions tendant à
assurer le bien-être des citoyens et à améliorer les conditions sociales et
matérielles de la société. Cette évolution a eu pour conséquence que
l’individu est de plus en plus fréquemment impliqué dans des procédures
administratives. Des efforts ont été entrepris, dans les divers Etats, pour
améliorer la position de l’individu vis-à-vis de l’administration sur le plan de
la procédure, tendant à l’adoption de règles assurant le respect de l’équité
dans les rapports entre le citoyen et les autorités administratives.
La démocratie représentative, par la division stricte du travail qu’elle
implique, ne permet pas aux citoyens d’exercer un contrôle direct sur
l’administration. La professionnalisation et la mise au point de l’appareil
bureaucratique comportent par conséquent le risque de créer un mécanisme
hors contrôle démocratique qui aurait tendance à s’autonomiser.
Asist. univ. Laurenţiu SONERIU
Facultatea de Drept „Simion Bărnuţiu”
Universitatea „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu
Keywords: local autonomy, local, autonomous administrative authorities, administrative guardianship, subsidiarity
Local autonomy – fundamental principle of organization and functioning of local public administration
Summary
Local autonomy or local self-government is a fundamental principle
behind the organization and functioning of local public administration
focuses on a constitutional article 120 which stipulates that „public
administration in territorial-administrative units is based on principles of
local autonomy, decentralization and deconcentration of public services”.
Recalling the provisions of Article 3 of the European Charter of Local
Self-Government, adopted in Strasbourg on October 15, 1985, Law no.
215/2001 stipulates in Article 3: „The local autonomy is understood the
right and effective capacity of local authorities to resolve and manage, on
behalf of local interest and that is public affairs”.
In Article 4 of the law is established specifying the content of local
autonomy that is only administrative and financial organization, functioning
skills, competence and management resources that belong to the territorial
administrative units.
Therefore, local autonomy should not be confused with absolute
independence, with a total isolation of local authorities towards the central
state administration. She can take the meaning of independence granted
to a political collectivity.
Local authorities are embedded material (the territory) legal and
sovereign state, which ensures the autonomy needed to manage their
specific affairs, but only insofar as they are integrated into state law.
PROSTITUŢIA ÎN SOCIETATEA ROMÂNEASCĂ: ÎNTRE INCRIMINARE, TOLERANŢĂ SI LEGALIZARE
Lector univ. dr. Cosmin DARIESCU
Universitatea „Al. I. Cuza”, Iasi
Facultatea de Drept
Keywords: phenomenon of prostitution, historic, regulation, tendencies of institutionalization
Prostitution within Romanian society: between incrimination, toleration and legalization
Summary
The herein study aims at underlining the ambivalent attitude, often
contradictory, manifested within the Romanian society towards prostitution.
In the following lines we will show that, despite the incrimination of this
phenomenon, during the Middle Age, the Church and laic authorities tried to
combat prostitution only when it seriously perturbed the social order
(especially affecting the public health or the quiet and order from a suburb)
or the natural course of a marriage (case in which the guilty woman was
punished). In the same period, even God used in the State’s interest this
social phenomenon. Within Modern Age, the Romanian State legalized
prostitution, being concerned in maintaining public health, and after the
Second World War it incriminated it again, under the influence of the
communist morals.
The Romanian society’s attitude towards the phenomenon of
prostitution was inconsequent, changing, similar to the mioritic space
theoretized by Lucian Blaga. Incriminated during Middle Age, legal in the
second half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, the
prostitution is of interest even today, at the beginning of the 21st century, as
a social and legal problem that waits solutions.
Prostituţia are si în spaţiul românesc o vechime considerabilă. Cele dintâi atestări documentare ale existenţei acestui fenomen social se găsesc în primele pravile redactate în limba română, în secolul al XVII-lea. Având în vedere viteza mult redusă cu care circulau informaţiile în acel secol, lentoarea considerabilă a reacţiei agenţilor ordinii sociale din epocă (Biserica Ortodoxă si Domnul) precum si termenul relativ îndelungat de evaluare a consecinţelor unui fenomen social, putem ...
BIODETECŢIA JUDICIARĂ A COMPORTAMENTULUI SIMULAT. POLIGRAFUL (II)
Ioana POIANĂ
masterand
avocat, Baroul Sibiu
Keywords: polygraph, judicial biodetection, positive and negative terms of use of the polygraph, procedure of use, preparation, usage of the polygraph, interpretation of the diagrams
The judicial biodetection of simulated behavior. The polygraph (II)
Summary
The aim of this article is to describe the proper use of the polygraph
and the stages that a specialist has to pass in order to guarantee that the
principle of finding the truth is followed.
The first part of the paper deals with the terms of use of the polygraph.
These terms can be positive or imperative and negative or prohibitive.
The positive terms take into consideration the expert, the room, the
subject, and two principles. The expert has to be well informed about all
the aspects of the case. The room has to be ideal for the examination. The
subject has to be medically able to take the test and to give his written
consent to be submitted to the polygraph. The last term guarantees the
respect of the principle of presumption of innocence till proven guilty and
the right to a defence.
The negative terms prohibit the expert to use topics that have a
discriminating character while testing. They also do not allow submitting
the subject to long investigations before the lie testing is done.
The second part of the paper analyses the process of testing the
subject’s emotional status using the polygraph. This procedure is done in
three stages that have to be followed, namely: the preparation of the
testing, the testing itself and the interpretation of the diagrams. The stages
of the polygraph test have a lot of common characteristics with the
technique of listening to the crime suspect. All these stages have great
importance and are interdependent.
Bernard THÉRY
Responsable des Affaires juridiques
Agence nationale des fréquences, France
Keywords: electromagnetic fields, mobile telephony, recommendation, directive concerning antennas and equipments
An example of non-competition regulation: the management of frequencies face to face with the imperatives of health
Summary
Electromagnetic fields are part of our daily life, whether at home, in the
street or at work. The rapid deployment of the mobile telephony and the
omnipresence of mast antennas raised, sometimes relieved by the media,
concerns among a few people. Do the electromagnetic fields they generate
have effects on health?
In front of the uncertainty in the answers of the scientists, the European
Union adopted a recommendation and a directive establishing values below
which public exposure to electromagnetic fields do not present any risk,
concerning both antennas and equipments.
Despite the transposition of the European texts in French law, some
mayors decided to apply the principle of precaution and to forbid the
implantation of antennas in some places.
However, it seems that transparency in information given and self
regulation from the operators would avoid conflicts and would reassure the
public.
INTRODUCTION
Les champs électromagnétiques font partie de notre environnement quotidien,
que ce soit à la maison, dans la rue ou au travail. Ils proviennent d’origines
naturelles, comme le champ magnétique terrestre, ou artificielles, comme ceux
générés par les appareils électroménaroms, les téléviseurs, les lignes électriques ...